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Forces Comité van Aanbeveling

Forces Nederland
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Bijlage 1: Risicofactoren longkanker

Factor	Referentie	Relatief Risico bij hoogste blootstelling	95% betrouwbaarheidsnivo
Familiehistorie van longkanker	Samet (1986)	5.3 (+430%)	(2.2‑12.8)
	Ooi (1986)	2.4 (+140%)
	Horwitz (1988)	2.8 (+180%)	(1.0‑7.7)
	Wu (1988)	3.9 (+290%)	(2.0‑7.6)
	Brownson (1997)	2.7 (+170%)	(1.2‑6.1)
Persoonlijke historie van TBC	Hinds (1982)	10.0 (+900%)	(1.1‑90.1)
	Gao (1987)	6.4 (+540%)
	Wu (1988)	1.7 (+70%)	(1.1‑2.4)
	Sakurai (1989)	8.2 (+720%)	(1.3‑54.4)
b‑caroteen/vitamine A deficiëntie	Ziegler (1986)	2.2 (+120%)
b‑caroteen/vitamine A inname	Wu (1985)	0.3 (-70%)	(P=0.06 trend)
	Byers (1987)	0.2 (-80%)
	Pastorino (1987)	0.4 (-60%)	(0.2‑0.9)
	Candelora (1992)	0.4 (-60%)	(0.2‑0.8)
Alcohol consumptie	Pollack (1984)	2.19 (+119%)	(1.3‑5.0)
Dieet cholesterol/vet	Goodman (1988)	2.2 (+120%)	(1.3‑3.8)
Dieet vet inname	Wynder (1987)	4‑6 (+300-500%)
	Alavanja (1993)	6.14 (514%)	(2.63‑14.40)
	De Stefani (1997)	2.85 (+185%)	(1.73‑4.69)
Vegetarisch dieet	Le Marchand (1989)	0.6 (-40%)	(0.4‑0.88)
	Jain (1990)	0.3 (-70%)	(P=0.009 trend)
	Candelora (1992)	0.2 (-80%)	(0.1‑0.5)
	Alavanja (1993)	0.61 (-39%)	(0.37‑0.99)
	Axelsson (1996)	0.37 (-63%)	(0.23‑0.61)
	Sankaranarayanan (1994)	0.32 (-68%)	(0.13‑0.78)
Fruit inname	Koo (1988)	0.4 (-60%)	(0.2‑0.9)
Fruit inname	Candelora (1992)	0.6 (-40%)	(0.3‑1.1)
Melk consumptie	Mettlin (1989)	2.1 (+110%)	(1.4‑3.2)
	Rylander (1996)	1.73 (+73%)	(1.0‑3.01)
	Axelsson (1996)	1.73 (+73%)	(1.0‑3.01)
Hormoon therapie bij vrouwen	Adami (1989)	1.3 (+30%)
Radon	Edlin (1984)	4.3 (+330%)	(1.7‑10.6)
Radon	Lees (1987)	2.4 (+140%)	(0.8‑7.1)
Kookmethoden	Gao (1987)	1.4‑2.6 (+40-160%)	(1.1‑5.0)
	Mumford (1987)	5.6 (+460%)	(3.4‑9.1)
	Geng (1988)	1.9 (+90%)	(1.1‑3.3)
	Sobue (1990)	2‑3 (+100-200%)
	Ko (1997)	8.3 (+730%)	(3.1‑22.7)
Uitlaatgassen	Hayes (1989)	1.5 (+50%)	(1.2‑1.9)
	Jacobsson (1997)	2.0 (+100%)	(1.5‑2.6)
	Gustavsson (1990)	2.4 (+140%)	(1.3‑4.5)
Sociaal-economische status	Brown (1975)	2.6‑3.8 (+160-280%)
Ventilatie functie	Lange (1990)	2‑4 (+100-300%)
Cardiale anomalieën	Tenkanen (1987)	2.4 (+140%)
Fysieke inactiviteit	Albanes (1989)	1.6 (+60%)	(1.2‑3.5)
Fysieke inactiviteit	Severson (1989)	1.4 (+40%)	(1.0‑2.1)
Psycho-sociale karaktereigenschappen	Kulessa (1989)	2‑3 (+100-200%)
Psycho-sociale karaktereigenschappen	Knekt (1996)	3.32 (+232%)	(1.53‑7.20)
Stad/platteland risico ratio	Shy (1984)	1.2‑2.8 (+20-180%)
Arseen opname	Tsuda (1995)	15.69 (+1469%)	(7.38‑31.02)
Vitamine E	Yong (1997)	0.36 (-64%)	(0.16‑0.83)
Hoge opleiding	van Loon (1997)	0.53 (-47%)	(0.34‑0.82)
Vitamine A,C en E inname	Yong (1997)	0.32 (-68%)	(0.14‑0.74)
Groente en fruit consumptie	Agudo (1997)	0.45 (-55%)	(0.22‑0.91)
Asbest blootstelling	Oksa (1997)	10.0 (+900%)	(6.9‑14.0)
	Zhu & Wang (1993)	5.32 (+432%)
	Dement (1994)	2.3 (+130%)	(1.88‑2.79)
	Raffin (1993)	3.31 (+231%)
Fysieke activiteit	Thune (1997)	0.39 (-61%)	(0.18‑0.85)
Fysieke activiteit	Lee (1994)	0.39 (-61%)	(0.18‑0.85)
Bier drinken	Potter (1992)	2.0 (+100%)	(1.02‑3.8)

Toelichting tabel:

De eerste kolom beschrijft het onderzochte type risicofactor. De tweede kolom geeft de naam van de eerste auteur van elk onderzoek dat gerapporteerd is over de betreffende risicofactor. De complete bibliografie van elk onderzoek kan op auteursnaam opgezocht worden in de lijst van referenties.

De derde kolom toont de meest waarschijnlijke en beste schatting van het hoogste risico voor die co-factor zoals dat in dat onderzoek gemeld is. Het gaat hier om relatieve risico's, dat wil zeggen, risico's die zijn bepaald ten opzichte van een groep mensen die niet dat bepaalde risico liepen.

Een risico waarde groter dan 1 geeft een verhoogd risico weer, getallen onder de 1 geven een verlaagd risico door de betreffende factor aan. Vetgedrukte RR’s geven aan welke positieve verbanden significant zijn volgens epidemiologische standaarden in Bijlage 2.

De vierde en laatste kolom geeft het 95% betrouwbaarheidsinterval voor de gemelde relatieve risico's. Het geeft het gebied aan waarvan met 95% zekerheid kan worden aangenomen dat het risico tussen de onder- en bovenwaarde zit.

Voorbeelden: 1.50 = 50% verhoogd risico, 2.50 = 150% verhoogd risico, 0.75 is 25% verminderd risico

Referenties

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2. Alavanja M: Saturated Fat Intake and Lung Cancer Risk Among Nonsmoking Women in Missouri. J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 85(23):1906-16 (1993).

3. Albanes D: Physical Activity and the Risk of Cancer in the NHANES I Population. Am. J. Pub. Health, 79:744‑50 (1989).

4. Agudo A, et al.: Vegetable and Fruit Intake and the Risk of Lung Cancer in Women in Barcelona, Spain. Eur. J. Cancer, 33:1256‑61 (1997).

5. Axelsson G, et al.: Dietary Factors and Lung Cancer Among Men in West Sweden. Int. J. Epidemiol., 25:32-39 (1996).

6. Brown S, et al.: The Association of Economic Status With the Occurrence of Lung Cancer. Cancer, 36:1903‑11 (1975).

7. Byers T, et al.: Diet and Lung Cancer Risk: Findings from the Western New York Diet Study. Am. J. Epidemiol., 125:351-63 (1987).

8. Brownson R, et al.: Family History of Cancer and Risk of Lung Cancer in Lifetime Non-Smokers and Long-Term ExSmokers. Int. J. Epidemiol., 26(2):256-63 (1997).

9. Candelora E, et al.: Dietary Intake and Risk of Lung Cancer in Women Who Never Smoked. Nutr. Cancer, 17(3):26370 (1992).

10. Dement J, et al.: Follow‑Up Study of Chrisotyle Asbestos Textile Workers: Cohort Mortality and Case‑Control Analyses. Am. J. ‑Tnd. Med., 26:431‑47 (1994).

11. Doll R, et al. (1994): Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years’ observations in male British doctors. Br Med J, 309:901‑911.

12. De Stefani E, et al.: Fatty Foods and the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Case-Control Study From Uruguay. Int. J. Cancer, 71:760-66 (1997).

13. Edlin C, et al.: Radon in Homes-A Possible Cause of Lung Cancer. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 10:25-34 (1984).

14. Gao Y, et al.: Lung Cancer Among Chinese Women. Int. J. Cancer, 40:604-09 (1987).

15. Geng G, et al.: On the Relationship Between Smoking and Female Lung Cancer. In: Smoking and Health 1987 (Aoki M,et al., eds.), Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 483-86 (1988).

16. Goodman M, et al.: The Effect of Dietary Cholesterol and Fat on the Risk of Lung Cancer in Hawaii. Am. J. Epidemiol., 128:1241-55 (1988).

17. Gori GB, Luik JC : Passive smoke: The EPA’s betrayal of science and policy. The Fraser Institute, Vancouver (1999).

18. Gustavsson P, et al.: Lung Cancer and Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Among Bus Garage Workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 16:334‑54 (1990).

19. Hayes R, et al.: Lung Cancer in Motor Exhaust-Related Occupations. Am. J. Ind. Med., 16:685-95 (1989).

20. Hinds M, et al.: Tuberculosis and Lung Cancer Risk in Non-Smoking Women. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 125:776-78 (1982).

21. Horwitz R, et al.: An Ecogenetic Hypothesis for Lung Cancer in Women. Arch. Intern. Med., 148:2609-12 (1988).

22. Jain M, et al.: Dietary Factors and Risk of Lung Cancer: Results from a Case-Control Study, Toronto, 1981-85. Int. J. Cancer, 45:287-93 (1990).

23. Knekt P, et al.: Elevated Lung Cancer Risk Among Persons With Depressed Mood. Am. J. Epidemiol., 144:1096‑103 (1996).

24. Ko Y-C, et al.: Risk Factors for Primary Lung Cancer Among Non-Smoking Women in Taiwan. Int. J. Epidemiol., 26:24-31 (1997).

25. Koo L: Dietary Habits and Lung Cancer Risk Among Chinese Females in Hong Kong Who Never Smoked. Nutr. Cancer, 11:155-72 (1988).

26. Kvale G, et al.: Occupational Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk. Int. J. Cancer, 37:185‑93 (1986).

27. Kulessa C, et al.: Psychosocial Personality Traits and Cigarette Smoking Among Bronchial Carcinoma Patients. Stress Med., 5:37‑46 (1989).

28. Lange P, et al.: Ventilatory Function and Chronic Mucus Hypersecretion as Predictors of Death from Lung Cancer. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 141:613‑17 (1990).

29. Lee I, Paffenbarger R: Physical Activity and Its Relation to Cancer Risk.Med. Sci. Sport Exerc., 26:831‑37 (1994).

30. Lees R, et al.: A Case-Control Study of Lung Cancer Relative to Domestic Radon Exposure. Int. J. Epidemiol., 16:7-12 (1987).

31. Le Marchand L, et al.: Vegetable Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Hawaii. J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 81:1158-64 (1989).

32. Mettlin C: Milk Drinking, Other Beverage Habits, and Lung Cancer Risk. Int. J. Cancer, 43:608-12 (1989).

33. Mumford J, et al.: Lung Cancer and Indoor Air Pollution in Xuan Wei, China. Science, 235:217-20 (1987).

34. Oksa P, et al.: Cancer Incidence and Mortality Among Finnish Asbestos Sprayers and in Asbestosis and Silicosis Patients. Am. J. Ind. Med., 31:693‑98 (1997).

35. Ooi W, et al.: Increased Familial Risk for Lung Cancer. J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 76:217-22 (1986).

36. Pollack E, et al.: Prospective Study of Alcohol Consumption and Cancer. N. Engl. J. Med., 310:617-21 (1984).

37. Pastorino U, et al.: Vitamin A and Female Lung Cancer: A Case-Control Study on Plasma and Diet. Nutr. Cancer, 10: 17179 (1987).

38. Potter J, et al. , Alcohol, Beer and Lung Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: The Iowa Women Health Study. Ann. Epidemiol., 2:587‑95 (1992).

39. Raffin E, et al.: Incidence of Lung Cancer by Histological Type Among Asbestos Cement Workers in Denmark. Br. J. Ind. Med., 50:85‑89 (1993).

40. Rylander R: Lung Cancer, Smoking and Diet Among Swedish Men. Lung Cancer, 14(Supp. 1):S75-83 (1996).

41. Sakurai R, et al.: Prognosis of Female Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Japan J. Med., 28:471-77 (1989).

42. Samet J, et al.: Personal and Family History of Respiratory Disease and Lung Cancer Risk. Am. Rev. Respi-r. Dis., 134:466-70 (1986).

43. Sankaranarayanan R, et al.: A Case-Control Study of Diet and Lung Cancer in Kerala, South India.Int. J. Med., 58:644-49 (1994).

44. Severson R, et al.: A Prospective Analysis of Physical Activity and Cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol., 130:522‑29 (1989).

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46. Shy C: Air Pollution and Lung Cancer. In: Lung Cancer: Causes and Prevention. (Mizell M, Correa P, eds.), Verlag Chemie International, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 65‑72 (1984).

47. Sobue T, et al.: Association of Indoor Air Pollution and Passive Smoking With Lung Cancer in Osaka, Japan. Japan J. Cancer Clin., 36:329-33 (1990).

48. Tenkanen L, et al.: Smoking and Cardiac Symptoms as Predictors of Lung Cancer.J. Chronic Dis., 40:1121‑28 (1987).

49. Thune I, Lund E: The Influence of Physical Activity on Lung Cancer Risk: A Prospective Study of 81,516 Men and Women. Int. J. Cancer, 70:57‑62 (1997).

50. Tsuda T, et al.: Ingested Arsenic and Internal Cancer: A Historical Cohort Followed for 33 Years. Am. J. Epidemiol., 141:198‑209 (1995).

51. USEPA : United States Environmental Protection Agency. Respiratory health effects of passive smoking. Lung cancer and other disorders. December 1992. Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, (1992).

52. USSG (1984): The health consequences of smoking: Chronic obstructive lung diseases. A report of the Surgeon General. US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington DC.

53. Van Loon A, et al.: Socioeconomic Status and Lung Cancer Incidence in Men in the Netherlands: Is There a Role for Occupational Exposure?J. Epidemiol. Comm. Health, 51:24‑29 (1997.

54. Wu A, et al.: Smoking and Other Risk Factors for Lung Cancer in Women.J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 74(4):747-51 (1985).

55. Wu A, et al.: Personal and Family History of Lung Disease as Risk Factors for Adenocarcinoma of the Lung.Cancer Res., 48:7279-84 (1988).

56. Wynder E, et al.: Association of Dietary Fat and Lung Cancer.J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 79:631-37 (1987).

57. Yong L, et al.: Intake of Vitamins E, C, and A and Risk of Lung Cancer: The NHANES‑I Epidemiologic Followup Study, First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am. J. Epidemiol., 146:321‑43 (1997).

58. Ziegler R, et al.: Carotenoid Intake, Vegetables, and the Risk of Lung Cancer Among White Men in New Jersey.Am. J. Epidemiol., 123:1080-93 (1986).

59. Zhu H, Wang Z: Study of Occupational Lung Cancer in Asbestos Factories in China.J. Ind. Med. 50:1039‑42 (1993).

Grafische weergave van de cijfers

Percentage verhoogd of verlaagd risico voor diverse factoren (gemiddelde gerapporteerde waarden). Groen gebied wordt als veilig gezien. De opvallende risico’s zijn met oranje gemarkeerd, meeroken met geel.

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Bijlage 1: Risicofactoren longkanker | Bijlage 2: Interpretatie Relatieve Risico’s | Bijlage 3: Criteria voor de beoordeling van validiteit

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Bijlage 1: Risicofactoren longkanker

Toelichting tabel:

Referenties

Grafische weergave van de cijfers